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Thursday, August 27, 2020
duality of human nature by william blake Essay Example For Students
duality of human instinct by william blake Essay Which of the artists talked about in this course do you find generally fascinating? Pick a few of his sonnets and clarify why these works intrigue you. (Be definite and explicit; use citations to explain and delineate your conversation. ) To eat or not to eat the treats that is the issue. William Blake is one of the most mainstream English sentimental craftsmen. He was a painter, a stone carver and an artist. I discover him generally intriguing as his verse contacts issues which are ageless and I may state that a contemporary individual asks himself similar inquiries concerning strict issues as Blake did. He utilized his verse as an amazing instrument of social remark. He accepted, that his work was to show individuals how to come back to the an alternate, antiquated like impression of religion and the world around. Individuals living in Blakes times by and large knew that they have lost something important, what the people of yore had virtue, a naivety and regard to the word around. However, they likewise accepted that they are so much modern that they could stay away for the indefinite future to the roots. Hence he was not comprehended by individuals of his occasions, as Blake himself had a contrary view on that issue. He would urge everybody to discharge structure frameworks they are detained in. He accepted that individuals at that occasions were living in a detained society. Detained by a wide range of frameworks like political framework, strict framework or philosophical framework. He additionally accepted that an individual comprises of two sections, physical and otherworldly part. He was persuaded that if everybody would discharge his spirit his profound part, that would make him a cheerful person. William Blake as an incredible writer composed a wide range of sonnets, yet I might want to present two of them, speaking to two very various perspectives about eligious convictions. The Lamb and Garden of Love. Them two I discover genuine and still forward-thinking. The main sonnet is known as The Lamb. The sonnet is a little childs tune as an inquiry and answer. The initial segment is rustic and clear, while the second spotlights on theoretical otherworldly issues. The childs questions are both g uileless and significant. The sonnet starts with the inquiry, Little Lamb, who made thee? The speaker gets some information about its beginnings and gestures of recognition the sheep looks and voice. The childs answers uncover his trust in his basic Christian confidence and his honest cceptance of its lessons. By the words For he considers himself a Lamb, peruser can be certain that the sheep represents Jesus. The customary picture of Jesus as a sheep underscores the Christian estimations of delicacy, shortcoming, and harmony. The picture of the youngster is additionally connected with Jesus He turned into a little kid . In the Gospel, Jesus shows a unique anxiety for youngsters, and the Bibles portrayal of Jesus in his youth shows him as straightforward and helpless. These are additionally the attributes from which the youngster speaker moves toward the thoughts of nature end of God. This sonnet, in the same way as other of the Songs of Innocence, acknowledges what Blake saw as the more positive parts of ordinary Christian conviction. The second, inverse purpose of Blakes see is portrayed in the sonnet Garden of the Garden of Love, where I used to play on the green(.. ) Reader realizes that this spot was previously an agreeable spot where the individual, in that perspective a Christian grown-up, used to feel cheerful and serene. As he goes to the Garden of Love, he finds a house of prayer that had never been there. (.. ) And saw what I never had seen: a Chapel was worked in the middle. The Chapel speaks to the intrusion of Christianity into an unadulterated and. .u6e91411da783e180765e3ea9d1d196b4 , .u6e91411da783e180765e3ea9d1d196b4 .postImageUrl , .u6e91411da783e180765e3ea9d1d196b4 .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u6e91411da783e180765e3ea9d1d196b4 , .u6e91411da783e180765e3ea9d1d196b4:hover , .u6e91411da783e180765e3ea9d1d196b4:visited , .u6e91411da783e180765e3ea9d1d196b4:active { border:0!important; } .u6e91411da783e180765e3ea9d1d196b4 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u6e91411da783e180765e3ea9d1d196b4 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u6e91411da783e180765e3ea9d1d196b4:active , .u6e91411da783e180765e3ea9d1d196b4:hover { darkness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u6e91411da783e180765e3ea9d1d196b4 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u6e91411da783e180765e3ea9d1d196b4 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-adornment: underline; } .u6e91411da783e180765e3ea9d1d196b4 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u6e91411da783e180765e3ea9d1d196b4 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-embellishment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6e91411da783e180765e3ea9d1d196b4:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u6e91411da783e180765e3ea 9d1d196b4 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u6e91411da783e180765e3ea9d1d196b4-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u6e91411da783e180765e3ea9d1d196b4:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Head Start EssayChapel, where he winds up as a kid turns into a position of despairing and misery. When the man arrives at the Chapel, he finds that the entryways are shut, and that he can't enter. What's more, Thou shalt not. Writ over the entryway, Hence, it reflects Blakes cross demeanor to sorted out religion and God. Reassuming and attempting to respond to the inquiry toward the starting I would state that, the two sonnets reflect two distinct perspectives concerning strict convictions and people groups demeanor to God. Be that as it may, it likewise reflects dualism of human instinct. At the point when we are kids we are liberated f rom the thought of underhandedness and rules. We acknowledge, without uestioning, our inclination. We are unadulterated and delicate and will in general follow our characteristic sense of noting our essential needs of being upbeat and adored different words as kids, when placed into settling on a decision, we would eat the treats since it would make us a delight. However, as we become grown-ups, we should adhere to the arrangement of rules made by an organization called The Church, and making ourselves a joy is then prohibited. Joy is in Christian world viewed as a transgression. A developed keeps an eye on recognition to God and religion comprises of forbiddances and requests. I completely concur with Blakes perspective and I long for a universe of develop - up kids.
Saturday, August 22, 2020
Oedipus the King- Metaphors Essay
ââ¬Å"à «Light versus Darkness Information is described as an explosion of light which differentiates the obscurity of numbness. Toward the start of the play, and towards the fourth scene, we notice the ââ¬Å"darknessâ⬠, the absence of information that Oedipus has toward generally everything that is encompassing him. At the point when Oedipus learns reality, it ââ¬Å"burstsâ⬠into light. The allegory of light speaks to truth and information. ââ¬Å"à «Sight versus Blindness A reference to this allegory happens right off the bat in the play, when Oedipus dishonestly blames Tiresias and Creon for intrigue. ââ¬Å"So this is the thing that he needs, Creon the unwavering, Creon so long my companion! Taking up to oust and snatch!â⬠(page 22). ââ¬Å"XTiresias reacts by utilizing a similar analogy: ââ¬Å"Iââ¬â¢m daze you state; you mock at that! I state you see and still are visually impaired â⬠horrifyingly: Blind to your starting points and to an association in your house.â⬠(pg 23) Hence sight is basic in Oedipus the King. Despite the fact that Tiresias is genuinely visually impaired, he sees reality from the earliest starting point, while Oedipus, who has physical vision, is ignorant concerning his destiny. ââ¬Å"à «Ã¢â¬ Oh, view the city, see the tempest that hitters down this cityââ¬â¢s front in rushes of bloodâ⬠(pg 5) The minister is contrasting the terrible circumstance of Thebes with a tempest that assaults at any second and abandons serious harms. ââ¬Å"à «Ã¢â¬ Now grinned upon by all, saluted now, presently attracted aside by admirers to the King, my ear their entryway to hopeâ⬠What Creon is looking at here, is his ears to the citizensââ¬â¢ entryway to trust, implying that he has the sort of intensity that makes individuals want to accomplish something from their solicitation that they submitted to Creon. ââ¬Å"à «Ã¢â¬ You called me here, I never would have comeâ⬠Tiresias is really attempting to let him comprehend that Oedipus is simply the person who is pushing to reality despite the fact that itââ¬â¢s not good!!
Friday, August 21, 2020
Affirmative Action Should Be Abolished essays
Governmental policy regarding minorities in society Should Be Abolished expositions Running head: Abolish Affirmative Action Governmental policy regarding minorities in society Should Be Abolished The term governmental policy regarding minorities in society incorporates a scope of measures focused on making up for past separation by expanding the odds that minorities or ladies will be picked for employments, advancements, confirmations, or agreements. The 1964 Social equality Act disallows working environment segregation on the bases of race, shading, religion, sex, or national starting point. That law additionally states it ought not be deciphered to require any business to allow particular treatment to any individual or to any gathering. Mishkind (1996, p108) States that the main type of segregation left is the thoughtful that works against white guys. There, for the sake of reviewing antiquated wrongs, white guys are routinely pushed aside to account for less qualified ladies and minorities. All types of separation must stop. By canceling governmental policy regarding minorities in society most of segregation will be no more. The first governmental policy regarding minorities in society archive was created in 1963 by a youthful dark legal counselor named Hobart Taylor Jr., and two future Supreme Court Justices, Arthur Goldberg and Abe Fortas. The archive was titled Executive Order 10925. Since 1963 numerous progressions have created what is presently known as, however not adored, governmental policy regarding minorities in society. Individuals acknowledged in 1963 that this record was treacherous furthermore, fought without any result. Presently, after 34 years, the fighting proceeds yet the issue despite everything develops. Governmental policy regarding minorities in society effectively confines an organizations size, adversely influences the gatherings of individuals it was made to help, and separates Huge organizations battle to keep up governmental policy regarding minorities in society laws. Numerous organizations select to remain little to keep away from the expense and migraines governmental policy regarding minorities in society can cause, consequently diminishing the potential occupation advertise. Starr (1996, p37) found The governmental policy regarding minorities in society necessities depict the... <!
Tuesday, May 26, 2020
Manage Quality Customer Service Essays - 2329 Words
Manage quality customer service SECTION 1 Assessment Activity 1 Develop and document, on behalf of an organization for which you do or might work, a detailed process whereby it will possible to investigate, identify, assess and include the needs of customers in planning processes. Private Schooling The first process is investigating why Parents would choose Private Schooling for their child/ren. The School would investigate the following. Investigate the needs of families in the local area. This does change depending on different areas. For example the fees and how much people in the local community are willing to pay and also see what the other schools in the area are charging. Look at the numbers of students in each classâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦You want to see improvements every week. This shows that what you are paying for is worthwhile. SECTION 2 Assessment Activity 3 1. Detail the methods and procedures that might be, used by an organization to communicate with customers to identify and agree on product/service specifications. Firstly good communication with the customer is necessary. Identifying exactly what the customer needs and expectations are and why they are purchasing from you. This could be because your company is providing the cheapest cost etcâ⬠¦ Business plans help the company who is providing the service understand in writing what the customer is purchasing and what they are expecting to receive. This way all managers and employees from the organization can see what they are to provide to the customer. The business plan is a statement that gives goals and objectives including strategies that enable the supplier to reach those goals both future and present. For the running of a day to day business, it is good to have an operational plan in place so that the customers receive the expectations that is promised to them. Having effective resource management is very key to having a great level of production and productivity. This helps with accountability so that the level of what is expected from the organization to the customer is fulfilled. Customer profiling helps withShow MoreRelatedManage Quality Customer Service1633 Words à |à 7 PagesHQCS: Manage Quality Customer Service Student Guide BSBCUS501A: Manage Quality Customer Service Elements of competence Plan to meet internal and external customer requirements Ensure delivery of quality products and/or services Monitor, adjust and review customer service 1 BSB51107 Diploma of Management _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Module description This module covers the skills and knowledge required to adviseRead MoreEssay on Manage Quality Customer Service4529 Words à |à 19 Pages | |Manage Quality Customer Service | |This unit describes the performance outcomes, skills and knowledge required to develop strategies to manage organisational systems that ensure | |products and services are delivered and maintained to standards agreed by the organisation. Many managers are involved in ensuring that | |products and services are delivered and maintainedRead MoreSample Strategy Maps1108 Words à |à 5 PagesFinancial Perspective Leader in Strategic Markets Increased Shareholder Value Diversify Revenue Streams Predictable Profitability ââ¬Å"Customer Intimacyâ⬠ââ¬Å"eBusiness Solution Leadershipâ⬠Flexible, Innovative Solutions One Stop Accountability Deliver Comprehensive Solutions ââ¬Å"Operational Excellenceâ⬠Consistently Meets Expectations Customer Perspective Lifelong Advisor Proactively Deliver Value Easy to do business with Internal Perspective Build Lifelong Relationships Read MoreHqm=Cs1604 Words à |à 7 PagesHQCS: Manage Quality Customer Service Student Guide BSBCUS501A: Manage Quality Customer Service Elements of competence Plan to meet internal and external customer requirements Ensure delivery of quality products and/or services Monitor, adjust and review customer service 1 BSB51107 Diploma of Management _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Module description This module covers the skills and knowledge required to advise on andRead MoreBus 430 Assignment 2: Inventory Management1369 Words à |à 6 Pages(2) manufacturing or two (2) service companies that manage inventory and complete this assignment. Write a six to eight (6-8) page paper in which you: 1. Determine the types of inventories these companies currently manage and describe their essential inventory characteristics. 2. Analyze how each of their goods and service design concepts are integrated. 3. Evaluate the role their inventory plays in the companyââ¬â¢s performance, operational efficiency, and customer satisfaction. 4. Compare andRead MoreQuality Control : Quality Of A Product And Service1268 Words à |à 6 PagesQuality control is evaluation process about quality of a product and service. It includes what actions a business to provide for the control and verification of certain characteristics of a product or service. It often relate to testing the quality of products or the results of services. The dependable, satisfactory, safe are aims of quality control to make sure that the product and service which are provided specific requirements and characteristics. The product and service is examined often randomlyRead MoreMarketing Mix - Service 7 Ps1528 Words à |à 7 PagesCONTINUUM LEARNING PTE LTD 7Ps of Services Marketing Companies are competing strategically through service quality for greater differentiation in todays competitive marketplace. Successful companies focus on the services-dominant paradigm with investment in people, technology, human resources policies, and compensation linked to service performance of employees. This is important because contact employeesââ¬â¢ attitudes and behaviours significantly influence the quality of service. They present the ââ¬Å"face andRead MoreMarketing Wants Quicktime Support, And Customer Service Needs Real Media777 Words à |à 4 PagesManufacturing needs Windows Media support, and customer service needs Real Media. You want to be able to centralize the administration of streaming servers, the disk storage of large audio and video files, and, of course, you want to be able to restrict and monitor bandwidth from the same central location. You want to provide simple self-service to end-users while maintaining control. You also need to track usage by de partment and bill your internal customers based on their usage, when applicable. MACCIUSRead MoreThe Expectation Management Of A Parcel Delivery Company1522 Words à |à 7 Pageslevel of service in order to redefine the companyââ¬â¢s business model. It will look at the promises the company makes and if they are realistic and how they will follow through, the choices it offers it customers and if the too are realistic or sustainable. The intent is to create a tiered-value offering based on the customers communicated service criteria. Based on what a company learns from the communication of what the customer expects, the company should be able to define its customer service businessRead MoreChallenges Faced By Hotel Competitors And Customers1606 Words à |à 7 Pagestravel, globalizing and growing of economy. Nowadays, managing hospitality operations is not such easy, the reason is now there are huge amount of hotel competitors and customers are expecting more with higher living lifestyle. With the high amount of luxury travellers, hotels are tend to become mo re luxury by increase the service level and innovate high technology to gain competitive advantage. However, there might have challenges on operating the hotels with the issues of uncertainty. In this essay
Friday, May 15, 2020
What Causes Negative Body Image Weight Issues Free Essay Example, 2750 words
Between the male and female population, most of the individuals who have developed an eating disorder are those who belong to ages 12 to 25. In fact, anorexia is considered to be the third most common chronic illness among the young adolescents. It is believed that the teenage years is the time of their lives wherein they wanted so much to be accepted by the other members of the society. The physical and emotional changes and pressure that these teenagers have to go through affects their overall outlook in life such as a strong desire to look good by being slim and gorgeous even to the extent that they have to lose weight in an unhealthy way. During puberty, it is but normal to gain body fat as part of their physiological development. However, some girls do not understand the human body developmental stage. Therefore, they tend to respond to it by going through excessive exercise and strict dieting. In the end, a huge portion of the teenage population develops the eating disorder ha bits. Going back to the psychological effects of advertisers using the images of the women celebrities with slim bodies, we could trace that the media greatly affects the mentality and the general perception of the teenage population when it comes to the perfect physical characteristics among the women. We will write a custom essay sample on What Causes Negative Body Image & Weight Issues or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
The Hidden And Gender Stereotypes Essay - 1016 Words
THE HIDDEN GENDER STEREOTYPES A gender stereotype is a generalized view or perception about characteristics that are or should be possessed by, or the roles that are or should be performed by women and men. A gender stereotype is harmful and can lessen women when it limits their capacity to develop their personal abilities, chase their professional careers and make choices about their lives and life plans. The obvious biological form of men and women arise the challenge of the hidden language metaphors in science. While women have begun to earn acceptance in the workforce in the past decades, men have not yet seen societal acceptance in politics, let alone as caregivers and homemakers. Gender roles exist exclusively because society as a whole chooses to accept them, but they are supported by the media. The obvious biological form of men and women arise the challenge of the hidden language metaphors in science. Men and women contain valuable substances for the reproductive system such as the sperm and egg. Both take part in a serious result of new life. Language however be littles the worth of, of course women, such as the egg is large and ââ¬Å"passiveâ⬠, it does not move like sperm, sperm is on the other hand ââ¬Å"activeâ⬠and is able to deliver their genes to the egg. (Martin, 2013, p.119). But still, the roles of the reproductive organs have the stereotype to their names; the egg and how feminine it is, and the sperm to how masculine it is. Menstrual cycle described as losing,Show MoreRelatedThe Hidden Gender Stereotypes in the Animations the Little Mermaid and Tangled7533 Words à |à 31 PagesThe Hidden Gender Stereotypes in the Animations The Little Mermaid and Tangled Erlina EKAWATI ABSTRACT After the success of the feminist movement in the early 1960s, gender stereotypes are considered as not a big issue anymore. Many people tried to break gender stereotypes especially in mass media. However, it is undeniable that gender stereotypes are still imprinted because people have been fed by gender stereotypes from the show that they watch since they are young. It is shown in two animationRead MoreHidden Biases Of Good People972 Words à |à 4 Pagesdiscriminatory as they were in the past centuries, there is an underlying bias that can lead people to act in ways opposing their beliefs. In their book Blindspot: Hidden Biases of Good people, psychologists Mahzarin Banaji and Anthony Greenwald explore the ideas of unconscious identity, the judgment and treatment of others based on stereotypes and the phenomenon of association, and our inability to simply stop being biased as opposed to outsmarting it. Children are taught that lying is bad, that tellingRead MoreWomen s Social And Mental Development1439 Words à |à 6 Pagesprovide highly idolized characters, but creates unrealistic and falsified interpretation of what it mean to be a specific gender. As a result, it can be seen that todayââ¬â¢s modern western pop cultural, has become globalized into an industry of gender roles in which has transformed mainstream television, commercial ads, movies and toys. Stereotypical traits have been assigned to each gender and has become a significant problematic concern among adults in raising children. With the significant rise for entertainmentRead MoreStereotypes in Poems Using Hidden Metaphors1069 Words à |à 5 PagesStereotypes in Poems using hidden metaphors Metaphors are present in our everyday language. They are a cornerstone of communication in everyday language. They exist in all cultures whether to creatively describe an event, teach a lesson or exaggerate the importance of an experience. Metaphors can have hidden meanings while others offer vivid images and eloquent phrases to convey their point. Some metaphors are called sleeping metaphors because the reader takes the meaning for granted. AsRead MoreGender Inequality And Gender Equality1725 Words à |à 7 Pagesdifferent shades of green, with copious amounts of peace and tranquility. Gender equality, however, is something that seems to be left out of the typical picture of the ââ¬Ëperfect societyââ¬â¢. It is ironic that in the nation where ââ¬Ëall men are created equalââ¬â¢, there are so many restricting gender roles woven intricately into society, and from those restrictions come discriminations based solely on the gender of another human being. Gender roles hav e been suffocating seven billion people since the beginningsRead MoreSex, Gender And Sexuality966 Words à |à 4 PagesThe chapter includes definitions about sex, gender and sexuality. Additionally, it describes a process of gender socialization, gender stratification, and supports these processes by social theories. Each of the provided videos and the article relates to this chapter in many ways. According to the chapter, people learn their roles of males and females through the process of socialization. There are certain guidelines established by society that people follow in acceptable manner. Each personRead MoreImpact Of Technology On Women s Equality And Empowerment993 Words à |à 4 PagesOne fundamental way in which technology is often expressed in any society is through gender. The relationship between technology and gender has been theorized through decades due to the fact that the social struggles for equality between men and women are a contemporary topical issue. Lately, there has been an increase in the strength of the womenââ¬â¢s movement advocating matters on womenââ¬â¢s equality and empowerment. Amongst these issues is womenââ¬â¢s invisibility in all aspects of technology. Some individualsRead MoreGender Stereotypes And Gender Roles Essay1415 Words à |à 6 Pagesassigned at birth. We refer to these as gender roles. Gender roles begin to be i mposed as early as birth. The nursery in the hospital assigns either a blue name plate for a boy or a pink name plate for a girl. These roles are continuously reinforced by family. Children learn at an early age that boys and girls are different. Children observe gender roles and in many cases these roles are eventually accepted as an unquestionable truth. This creates gender stereotyping which is defined by The OfficeRead MoreEssay on Gender Stereotype: Gender in The Toy Store1417 Words à |à 6 Pagesa toy that is not marketed explicitly or subtly by gender. If toys were marketed only according to ethnic and racial stereotypes, many individuals would be infuriated. However, we come across toy departments that are highly, as well as strictly segregatedââ¬ânot by race, but by gender. In order to fully comprehend the how gender stereotypes perpetuate childrenââ¬â¢s toys, one must understand gender socialization. According to Santrock, the term gender refers to the, ââ¬Å"characteristics of people as malesRead MoreThe Egg And The Sperm By Emily Martin910 Words à |à 4 Pagesthroughout the conversation of language in science indiscreetly displays gender bias towards women, aiding the theories that Martin addresses in her article. 2. Introduction paragraph: â⬠¢ Introduce, Emily Martinââ¬â¢s article The Egg and the Sperm. Martinââ¬â¢s main goal is to shine a light on gender stereotypes hidden in the language of biology (Martin 1). Explain the gender roles in scientific language. Three main points of the article, Gender bias is seen in an early age in science textbooks, science demonstrates
Tuesday, May 5, 2020
Literary Perspectives free essay sample
?English september 8, 2009 Literary Perspectives The following information was excerpted from The Bedford Introduction to Literature, 8th edition, 2079ââ¬â2098 Formalist critics are primarily concerned with the language, structure, and tone of a work, otherwise known, as itââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"formal elementsâ⬠. Formalists gravitate towards ââ¬Å"intrinsicâ⬠matters in a piece of literature, in simpler terms, diction, irony, paradox, metaphor, and symbol. In a similar fashion, they emphasize larger elements, for instance, plot, characterization, and narrative technique, in order to derive meaning from a literary work. The work must stand by itself, and any information that goes beyond the text, for example, biography, history, politics, and economics is considered ââ¬Å"extrinsicâ⬠by formalists, and therefore far less important than what happens within the confines of the text itself. Poetry, in particular, as well as drama and fiction lend themselves well as genres to the ââ¬Å"close readingâ⬠involved in the formalist technique. Formalists might approach Kate Chopinââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å" The Story of an Hourâ⬠(15) by analyzing the ironic ending of the story. Mrs. Mallard suddenly dies of a heart attack, not because her husband has died in a horrific train crash but because she has learned that he is very much alive. The disparate nature between what is expected to transpire and what actually happens creates a complex irony which formalists value immensely over simple surprise tactics. Some formalist critics reject the use of the authorââ¬â¢s biography as a tool for textual interpretation. From a biographical standpoint, however, knowledge of an authorââ¬â¢s life and experience are central to a full and comprehensive understanding of his or her writing. Relevant facts about the authorââ¬â¢s personal existence will not necessarily enhance or detract from the quality of any given literary work, but such information is considered pivotal by biographers in the extent to which it exposes how personal experience drives the content of his or her writing. A biographical approach to literature can often enrich a readerââ¬â¢s interpretation of an authorââ¬â¢s work; it can also complicate that appreciation as in the case of Chopinââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"The Story of an Hourâ⬠. One might expect from a biographical approach to unveil deep discontentment in Chopinââ¬â¢s own marriage reflective of Mrs. Mallardââ¬â¢s malaise. By all accounts, Chopin appears to have been very happily married in reality, and biographers agree that Chopinââ¬â¢s marriage was not a source of oppression in her personal experience. While biographers speculate about a writerââ¬â¢s own motivations, psychological approaches explore the motivations of characters and the symbolic meanings of events- conscious or unconscious-in a literary work. Psychological criticism draws upon psychoanalytic theories, especially those of Sigmund Freud or Jacques Lacan to understand more fully the text, the writer, and the reader. The existence of a human unconscious is central to any psychological strategy; Impulses, desires, and emotions that a person is oblivious to on a conscious level, but which nonetheless have a major impact on human emotion and behavior. A psychological reading of Chopinââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"The Story of an Hourâ⬠certainly exposes Mrs. Mallard, upon learning of her husbandââ¬â¢s alleged death, experiencing powerful unconscious desires for freedom that she had previously suppressed. Such analysis might lead to an interpretation of Mrs. Mallardââ¬â¢s life set firmly in the confines of the destructive nature of self-repressive tendencies. Historical criticism moves beyond the facts of an authorââ¬â¢s personal life (conscious or unconscious) and the text itself in an effort to examine the social and intellectual currents in which the author composed the work. A historical approach to literature emphasizes the link between the historic context of a work and a modern readerââ¬â¢s understanding and interpretation of the work. The 1960ââ¬â¢s saw the development of ââ¬Å"New Historicismâ⬠which places the text firmly in the period in which it was written, and examines that period from a political, economic, social, and aesthetic standpoint. For example, a new historicist might examine Chopinââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"The Story of an Hourâ⬠within the context of prevailing attitudes toward women at the time, as well as medical diagnoses of ââ¬Å"nervousnessâ⬠and ââ¬Å"hysteriaâ⬠as common, for women of that era, who led lives considered overly independent by their contemporaries. The doctors who diagnose Mrs. Mallardââ¬â¢s death as having been caused by ââ¬Å"the joy that killsâ⬠are not delusional or ignorant; they represent a contrasting set of values that are historic and very much steeped in reality. New historicists therefore sensitize us to the fact that the history on which we choose to concentrate is tainted by our examination of it from our own present ââ¬Å"truthâ⬠; This reconstruction of the past undeniably affects the meaning we derive from a literary work. Mythological critics may specialize in history, classical literature, psychology, cultural history, and classical literature, but the chief emphasis is on the assumptions and values of various cultures. Mythological readings represent the broadest approach because they discuss the cultural and universal responses readers have to a work. Mythological criticism seeks to identify what in a work creates deep, universal responses in readers, regardless of how, when, and, where they live. A cultural critic might approach Chopinââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"The Story of an Hourâ⬠, by reflecting on the dangers of train travel in the 1890ââ¬â¢s. Or, he or she might focus on how physicians often misdiagnosed heart disease in Mrs. Mallardââ¬â¢s culture, or used it as a metaphor for a variety of emotional conditions. In this manner, the mythological approach attempts to create a wider and more informed understanding of the written word. Drawing on the emphasis placed by mythological critics on cultural value systems, Gender criticism is an approach to literature that examines ideas about men and women, and in particular the social constructs which envelop notions of masculinity and femininity within particular cultures. Sexuality is examined as more complex than male or female, heterosexual or homosexual. Gender criticism, therefore, has come to include gay and lesbian criticism as well as feminist criticism. Feminist criticism seeks to supplement a traditionally male-dominated critical perspective with a feminist consciousness. Feminist theories also attempt to understand representation from a womanââ¬â¢s point of view and to explain womenââ¬â¢s writing strategies as specific to their social conditions. A feminist reading of Chopinââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"The Story of an Hourâ⬠might point to the psychological stress created by the expectations that marriage places on Mrs. Mallard, expectations that ultimately lead to her demise. Gay and lesbian criticism focuses on how homosexuals are represented in literature, how they read literature, and whether sexuality, as well as gender, is innate or socially constructed. A gay and lesbian reading of Mrs. Mallardââ¬â¢s ecstatic relief at the end of her marriage, brought on by the presumed death of her husband, might also indicate a rejection of her heterosexual identity. Of course, gay and lesbian readings often cause significant controversies among critics, but they have certainly opened up provocative discussions of seemingly familiar texts. In a sense, all critical approaches concern themselves with a readerââ¬â¢s response to literature, but the consciousness of the reader rather than the work itself is the only focus of Reader-response criticism. The emphasis is on what goes on in the mind of the reader during the process of reading a text. In essence, we receive a reading of the reader, who comes to the work with certain expectations and assumptions, which are either met or not met. Chopinââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"The Story of an Hourâ⬠illustrates how reader-response critical strategies read the reader. How the reader responds to Mrs. Mallardââ¬â¢s epiphany upon learning of her husbandââ¬â¢s presumed death is never, from this perspective, entirely controlled by Chopin. A reader who has recently lost a spouse, might find Mrs. Mallardââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"joyâ⬠certainly selfish and ââ¬Å"monstrousâ⬠. On the other hand, someone whom has lived through repression of any nature, especially within the confines of the institution of marriage will undoubtedly gleam an entirely different message from Mrs. Mallardââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"joyâ⬠on this occasion. By imagining different readers, we can decipher a variety of responses to the story that are influenced by the readersââ¬â¢ own beliefs, memories, or experiences with marriage. In this manner, reader-response criticism opens up literary works to a bountiful number of interpretations.
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